Journal: Nature medicine

Article Title: Antigen-independent activation enhances the efficacy of 41BB co-stimulated CD22 CAR T cells

doi: 10.1038/s41591-021-01326-5

Figure Lengend Snippet: a, Pipeline for development and evaluation of new CD22-f2-short CAR. b, Affinity and size of purified CD22-f2-long and short scFvs. c, Expression of CD22 CARs on primary T cells. d, Measurement of secreted IFNγ by CD22-engineered T cells after 24h exposure to CD22+ target cells. e, Progression of Nalm6 disease burden in xenograft mice treated with CD22-f2-short and long T cells (Representative of 4 replicate experiments, n=4–7 mice per condition; see Supplementary Figure 5 for individual animal responses and Supplementary Figure 6 for experimental replicates). f, Survival of Nalm6-bearing xenograft mice after treatment with m971 or CD22-f2 CAR T cells. Data are presented as mean values +/− standard error of the mean (S.E.M.) Statistics reflect differences between CAR22-short and long T cells.

Article Snippet: 40 All animal studies were approved and supervised by the University of Pennsylvania Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee (IACUC). scFv design and optimization: To identify novel binders to human CD22 extracellular domain, three rounds of panning were done against recombinant human CD22 (R&D systems, Cat. # 1968-SL-050) using a fully human derived scFv phage library derived internally.

Techniques: Purification, Expressing

Journal: bioRxiv

Article Title: MiniCARbids: Minimalistic human binding domains specifically tailored to CAR T applications

doi: 10.1101/2025.09.09.675083

Figure Lengend Snippet: (A) The K D values of CD22-miniCARbids were determined by titrations of soluble CD22-miniCARbids on NALM6 cells. (B) A representative example of titrations of miniCARbids 22_1611 and 22_1317 on NALM6 cells is shown. The binding intensity was assessed via anti-His-tag staining by flow cytometry. Data were fitted with a 1:1 binding model (solid lines) for the calculation of the respective K D values illustrated in (A) (average ± SD, n=3 or 4, biological replicates). (C) Thermostability of CD22-miniCARbids and their parental protein 5UMR was assessed using DSC (average ± SD of 3 independent measurements, technical replicates). (D) Aggregation properties of CD22-miniCARbids were assessed using SEC-HPLC. One representative analysis (n=3, technical replicates) of CD22-miniCARbids and their parental protein 5UMR is shown. (E) Binding specificity was assessed by incubating NALM6, Raji or Jurkat (CD22-negative) cells with 250 nM CD22-miniCARbid, followed by flow cytometric analysis (one of three biological replicates is shown).

Article Snippet: Selection campaigns started with magnetic bead selections using Dynabeads Biotin Binder (Thermo Fisher Scientific) as described previously., Yeast display selections for miniCARbids against CD22 were based on a soluble, biotinylated CD22 protein (AcroBiosystems, SI2-H82E3).

Techniques: Binding Assay, Staining, Flow Cytometry

Journal: bioRxiv

Article Title: MiniCARbids: Minimalistic human binding domains specifically tailored to CAR T applications

doi: 10.1101/2025.09.09.675083

Figure Lengend Snippet: (A) CAR architecture used for the in vitro assessment of CAR activity. (B) Expression of CARs based on ten CD22-specific miniCARbids and scFvs HA22, m971-1xG 4 S and m971-4xG 4 S as benchmarks in Jurkat Nur77 reporter cells was assessed via anti-MAP-tag staining by flow cytometry (average ± SD, n=3, biological replicates). (C) Activation of CD22-specific CARs in Jurkat Nur77 reporter cells in the presence or absence of a 2-fold excess of NALM6 target cells was assessed via the expression of mKO2 by flow cytometry (average ± SD, n=3, biological replicates). (D) Cytotoxicity of CD22-specific CAR T cells and mock T cells (no CAR) against Raji cells (E:T 2:1, average ± SD, n=4, biological replicates). (E and F) Release of IFN-γ (E) and IL-2 (F) analyzed via ELISA. The cytokines were analyzed in the supernatants of co-cultures with Raji cells (E:T 2:1, average ± SD, n=4, biological replicates). (G) Cytotoxicity of CD22-specific CAR T cells and mock T cells (no CAR) against NALM6 cells (E:T 2:1, average ± SD, n=4, biological replicates). (H and I) Release of IFN-γ (H) and IL-2 (I) analyzed via ELISA. The cytokines were analyzed in the supernatants of co-cultures with NALM6 cells (E:T 2:1, average ± SD, n=4, biological replicates). Statistical analysis was performed using a repeated measure One-Way ANOVA with a Tukey post hoc test (*p < 0.05, **p < 0.01, ***p < 0.001). The statistical analysis for the cytokine concentration was performed using log-transformed values. Parts of this figure were created with BioRender.com.

Article Snippet: Selection campaigns started with magnetic bead selections using Dynabeads Biotin Binder (Thermo Fisher Scientific) as described previously., Yeast display selections for miniCARbids against CD22 were based on a soluble, biotinylated CD22 protein (AcroBiosystems, SI2-H82E3).

Techniques: In Vitro, Activity Assay, Expressing, Staining, Flow Cytometry, Activation Assay, Enzyme-linked Immunosorbent Assay, Concentration Assay, Transformation Assay

Journal: Arthritis Research & Therapy

Article Title: TWEAK and Fn14 expression in the pathogenesis of joint inflammation and bone erosion in rheumatoid arthritis

doi: 10.1186/ar3294

Figure Lengend Snippet: Dual immunostaining for TWEAK and cell lineage markers and cells expressing Fn14 . Dual immunostaining for TWEAK (red) and CD68 (blue) in inflamed synovial tissue from a patient with active RA ( A ). Dual immunostaining for TWEAK (red) with CD38 (blue) with co-expression of TWEAK and CD38 (purple) indicated by arrow ( B ). C ) and D ) Dual immunostaining for TWEAK (red) with CD22 (blue). E ) TWEAK expression (red) in multinucleated cells (indicated by arrows), and F ) by plasma cells in tonsil tissue. Expression of Fn14 (brown) in multinucleated cells ( G ), and blood vessels of the synovial tissue ( H ), indicated by arrows. Sections shown in E, F, G, and H were counterstained with haematoxylin. Images shown in B and C were obtained with obj ×10; image shown in A obtained with obj ×20, D, F, G, H with obj ×40 and E with obj ×60.

Article Snippet: Anti-TWEAK antibody was combined with MAbs for human cell surface markers: CD68 (macrophage; clone KP-1, Dako), CD22 (B lymphocyte; MAB1968, R&D Systems, Minneapolis, MN, USA), Tryptase G3 (mast cell; Cell Marque, Rocklin, CA, USA) and CD38 (plasma cells, BD Biosciences, Franklin Lakes, NJ, USA).

Techniques: Immunostaining, Expressing, Clinical Proteomics

Journal: Arthritis Research & Therapy

Article Title: TWEAK and Fn14 expression in the pathogenesis of joint inflammation and bone erosion in rheumatoid arthritis

doi: 10.1186/ar3294

Figure Lengend Snippet: TWEAK expression by PBMC . PBMC from two healthy volunteers were sorted by FACS based on their expression of CD22, yielding CD22 + and CD22 - populations of greater than 94% purity based on post-sort analysis ( A ). Isolated cells were then analysed for TWEAK mRNA expression relative to that of GAPDH, by real-time RT-PCR ( B ). Data shown are means of triplicate reactions ± SD. Differences in relative expression of TWEAK mRNA between CD22 + and CD22 - populations were tested by Student's t -test (** P < 0.001).

Article Snippet: Anti-TWEAK antibody was combined with MAbs for human cell surface markers: CD68 (macrophage; clone KP-1, Dako), CD22 (B lymphocyte; MAB1968, R&D Systems, Minneapolis, MN, USA), Tryptase G3 (mast cell; Cell Marque, Rocklin, CA, USA) and CD38 (plasma cells, BD Biosciences, Franklin Lakes, NJ, USA).

Techniques: Expressing, Isolation, Quantitative RT-PCR

Journal: Journal of translational medicine

Article Title: Unraveling resistance mechanisms in anti-CD19 chimeric antigen receptor-T therapy for B-ALL: a novel in vitro model and insights into target antigen dynamics.

doi: 10.1186/s12967-024-05254-z

Figure Lengend Snippet: Fig. 5 Observation of CD19-BBζ-CAR expression in relapsed Nalm-6 cells and salvage treatment. A Detection of FMC63 and CD247 transcripts and 4-1BB gene of CAR in CD19+ Nalm-6 (red) and relapsed CD19− Nalm-6 cells (blue) by qRT-PCR. Data of left bar graph represent the relative quantification using ACTB as the internal reference. Error bars represent s.d. The data are the representative of three independent experiments. B Expression of CD19 and CAR on CD19+ Nalm-6 cells and relapsed CD19− Nalm-6 cells analyzed by flow cytometry (representative of 3 experiments). Merge Graphs, the blue dots represent CD19− Nalm-6 cells and the red dots represent Nalm-6 cells. C Confocal imaging of Nalm-6 cells and relapsed CD19− Nalm-6 cells using Alexa Flour 488-conjugated anti-CD19 antibody (green), Alexa Flour 647-conjugated anti-CAR19 antibody (red), and DAPI (blue). D Lentiviral integration sites of CAR transduced Nalm-6 cells were analyzed by linear-amplification mediated PCR (LAM-PCR) and visualized with Circos plots. The integration sites across the genome and genomic features were shown from outer to inner circle: (1) cytogenetic bands; (2) genes that harbor these integration sites along with a bar chart showing the reads of integration sites; (3) the distribution of integration sites, with colored circles representing different gene functional regions of the host sequence: purple for promoter region, green for intron region, and red for distal intergenic region. E Phenotype changes of Nalm-6 cells transduced with small amount of CD19 CAR lentiviruses detected by flow cytometry over time. Gating was based on the same cells stained with isotype-matched antibody. F Dynamics of CD19− B phenotype in relapsed cells after co-culture with different ratios (5×, 20×) of Nalm-6 cells. Gating was based on the same cells stained with isotype-matched antibody. G Relapsed CD19− Nalm-6 cells were tested by qPCR specific for VSV-G sequence. H Comparison of in vitro efficacy of CD19-, CD22-, CD19/CD22- and CD22×CD19- CAR T cells. Cocultures with the relapsed cells were performed at 1:5, 1:1, and 5:1 E: T ratios, and lysis efficacies were detected by the LDH release assay Declarations

Article Snippet: The cells were then washed twice and stained with phycoerythrin (PE) streptavidin (BD bioscience, USA) for 15 min. CART-22 cells and CART-22/19 cells were washed once and incubated with CD22 Fc Alexa Fluor® 647 Protein (R&D Systems, USA) for 15 min. To detect in vitro cytotoxicity of CART-19 cells, transduced and untransduced T cells were co-cultured with Nalm-6 cells (total 1 × 106 cells) at E: T ratios (0.2:1, 0.5:1, 1:1, 5:1) for 6, 24 and 72 h. Cells were pipetted to incubate with antibodies for 30 min at room temperature in the dark and washed twice with PBS.

Techniques: Expressing, Quantitative RT-PCR, Quantitative Proteomics, Flow Cytometry, Imaging, Amplification, Functional Assay, Sequencing, Transduction, Staining, Co-Culture Assay, Comparison, In Vitro, Lysis, Lactate Dehydrogenase Assay

Journal: bioRxiv

Article Title: Rational redesign of antigen binding domain improves in vivo efficacy of CD22-CAR T cells

doi: 10.1101/2025.03.13.643183

Figure Lengend Snippet: 1A: Schematic: Timeline for in vivo experiment. NSG mice were injected with 1e6 indicated Nalm6 leukemia on day -3, followed by 5e6 CD22-CAR T cells on day 0. Bioluminescent imaging was performed before CAR dosing on day 0, as well on days 5 and 11 post-CAR. 1B: Quantification of bioluminescence data in A. 1C: ELISA measuring Granzyme B in supernatant after 16 hour co-culture of CD22-CAR T cells with the indicated leukemia. 1D: Degranulation as measured by CD107a expression after 4 hour co-culture assay. 1E: Activation as measured by CD69 expression after 6 hour co-culture assay. 1F: Activation as measured by CD25 expression after 24 hour co-culture assay. All in vitro assays performed with n=3 technical replicates, 1 experiment. In vivo assay performed with n=5 mice per group, 1 experiment. Data represent mean +/-SD. * p<0.05, ** p<0.01, *** p<0.001, **** p<0.0001.

Article Snippet: Following expansion, transduction efficiency of the CD22-CAR was evaluated by flow cytometry staining with CD22-Protein Fc (R&D Systems) and CAR T cells were cryopreserved or used immediately for in vitro or in vivo assays.

Techniques: In Vivo, Injection, Imaging, Enzyme-linked Immunosorbent Assay, Co-Culture Assay, Expressing, Co-culture Assay, Activation Assay, In Vitro

Journal: bioRxiv

Article Title: Rational redesign of antigen binding domain improves in vivo efficacy of CD22-CAR T cells

doi: 10.1101/2025.03.13.643183

Figure Lengend Snippet: 2A: Flow cytometry plots showing IL-2 by IFNg production after 6 hour coculture of the indicated CD22-CAR T cell with the indicated leukemia. 2B: Quantification of cytokine data in A. 2C: Schematic: Timeline for in vivo experiment. NSG mice were injected with 1e6 indicated Nalm6 leukemia on day -3, followed by 4e6 CD22-CAR T cells on day 0. Bioluminescent imaging was performed before CAR dosing on day -1, and biweekly post-CAR injection. Mice were monitored for survival. 2D: Quantification of bioluminescence data against WT leukemia from C. 2E: Survival of mice bearing WT leukemia. 2D: Quantification of bioluminescence data against CD22 Lo leukemia from C. 2E: Survival of mice bearing CD22 Lo leukemia. All in vitro assays performed with n=3 technical replicates, and are representative of two experiments with two independent donors. In vivo assay performed with n=5 mice per group, 1 experiment. Data represent mean +/-SD. * p<0.05, ** p<0.01, *** p<0.001, **** p<0.0001.

Article Snippet: Following expansion, transduction efficiency of the CD22-CAR was evaluated by flow cytometry staining with CD22-Protein Fc (R&D Systems) and CAR T cells were cryopreserved or used immediately for in vitro or in vivo assays.

Techniques: Flow Cytometry, In Vivo, Injection, Imaging, In Vitro

Journal: bioRxiv

Article Title: Rational redesign of antigen binding domain improves in vivo efficacy of CD22-CAR T cells

doi: 10.1101/2025.03.13.643183

Figure Lengend Snippet: S1A: Cell-based direct antigen-binding affinity titration assay. Indicated CARs were stained with indicated concentrations of fluorophore-conjugated CD22 Protein Fc. MFI of CAR+ Populations were measured and normalized to peak protein binding for each individual CAR. Data represents one experiment with one replicate per concentration.

Article Snippet: Following expansion, transduction efficiency of the CD22-CAR was evaluated by flow cytometry staining with CD22-Protein Fc (R&D Systems) and CAR T cells were cryopreserved or used immediately for in vitro or in vivo assays.

Techniques: Binding Assay, Titration, Staining, Protein Binding, Concentration Assay

Journal: bioRxiv

Article Title: Rational redesign of antigen binding domain improves in vivo efficacy of CD22-CAR T cells

doi: 10.1101/2025.03.13.643183

Figure Lengend Snippet: Figures S2A to S2F quantify indicated metrics by flow cytometry after coculture of indicated CD22-CAR with indicated leukemia after 6 hour coculture. S2A: %+ and MFI for IFNg production against WT leukemia. S2B: %+ and MFI for IL2 production against WT leukemia. S2C: %+ of cells making IFNg and IL-2 against WT leukemia. S2D: %+ and MFI for IFNg production against CD22 Lo leukemia. S2E: %+ and MFI for IL2 production against CD22 Lo leukemia. S2F: %+ of cells making IFNg and IL-2 against CD22 Lo leukemia. Figures S2G to S2J quantify CAR and leukemia counts relative to a starting 5:1 ratio of leukemia and CAR to fluorescent counting beads. Aliquots were taken from each condition and analyzed by flow cytometry at each of the indicated time points. S2G: Quantification of CAR Count/Bead Count ratio against WT leukemia. S2H: Quantification of Leukemia Count/Bead Count ratio for WT leukemia. S2I: Quantification of CAR Count/Bead Count ratio against CD22 Lo leukemia. S2J: Quantification of Leukemia Count/Bead Count ratio for CD22 Lo leukemia. All in vitro assays performed with n=3 technical replicates. are representative of two experiments with two independent donors. are representative of one experiment. Data represent mean +/- SD. * p<0.05, ** p<0.01, *** p<0.001, **** p<0.0001.

Article Snippet: Following expansion, transduction efficiency of the CD22-CAR was evaluated by flow cytometry staining with CD22-Protein Fc (R&D Systems) and CAR T cells were cryopreserved or used immediately for in vitro or in vivo assays.

Techniques: Flow Cytometry, In Vitro

Journal: bioRxiv

Article Title: Rational redesign of antigen binding domain improves in vivo efficacy of CD22-CAR T cells

doi: 10.1101/2025.03.13.643183

Figure Lengend Snippet: 3A: Schematic: Timeline for in vivo experiment. NSG mice were injected with 1e6 WT Nalm6 leukemia on day-3, followed by 2e6 of indicated CD22-CAR T cells on day 0. Bioluminescent imaging was performed before CAR dosing on day -1, and biweekly post-CAR. 3B: Quantification of average bioluminescence data for each group in A. 3C: Quantification of individual bioluminescence data for each group in A. 3D: Schematic: Timeline for in vivo experiment. NSG mice were injected with 1e6 WT Nalm6 leukemia on day -3, followed by 4e6 of indicated CD22-CAR T cells on day 0. Bioluminescent imaging was performed before CAR dosing on day -1, and biweekly post-CAR. 3E: Quantification of average bioluminescence data for each group in D. 3F: Survival of mice treated with 4e6 of the indicated CAR T cells. In vivo assay performed with n=5 mice per group, 1 experiment (3A to 3C) or 3 experiments with independent donors (3D to 3F). 3D to 3E are representative data from one experiment. 3F is pooled data, SA-SL (n=15), HA-SL (n=15), HA-LL (n=15). Data represent mean +/- SD. * p<0.05, ** p<0.01, *** p<0.001, **** p<0.0001.

Article Snippet: Following expansion, transduction efficiency of the CD22-CAR was evaluated by flow cytometry staining with CD22-Protein Fc (R&D Systems) and CAR T cells were cryopreserved or used immediately for in vitro or in vivo assays.

Techniques: In Vivo, Injection, Imaging

Journal: bioRxiv

Article Title: Rational redesign of antigen binding domain improves in vivo efficacy of CD22-CAR T cells

doi: 10.1101/2025.03.13.643183

Figure Lengend Snippet: 4A: Schematic: Timeline for in vivo experiment. NSG mice were injected with 1e6 CD22 Lo Nalm6 leukemia on day -3, followed by 4e6 of indicated CD22-CAR T cells on day 0. Bioluminescent imaging was performed before CAR dosing on day -1, and biweekly post-CAR. 4B: Quantification of average bioluminescence data for each group in A. 5C: Quantification of individual bioluminescence data for each group in A. For 4D to 4E, bone marrow was analyzed by flow cytometry at day 18 post-CAR for indicated cell population. 4D: % CAR+ of live marrow. 4E: % leukemia of live marrow. 4F: Survival of mice treated with 4e6 of indicated CAR T cells. In vivo assay performed with n=5 mice per group, 4 experiments with independent donors. Data in 4A to 4C is representative data from one experiment. Survival is pooled from 3 experiments with independent donors: Mock (n=10), SA-SL (n=15), HA-SL (n=10), HA-LL (n=15). Data represent mean +/- SD. * p<0.05, ** p<0.01, *** p<0.001, ****

Article Snippet: Following expansion, transduction efficiency of the CD22-CAR was evaluated by flow cytometry staining with CD22-Protein Fc (R&D Systems) and CAR T cells were cryopreserved or used immediately for in vitro or in vivo assays.

Techniques: In Vivo, Injection, Imaging, Flow Cytometry